Which storage demonstration projects have been carried out in Denmark?

As reported in Table 1, two significant storage demonstration projects were carried out in Denmark in the past years. The batteries installed in Nordhavn (Copenhagen) were tested mainly for the provision of primary regulation (TSO service) and peak shaving (DSO service).

Which market is best suited for electricity storage?

The market most suited for electricity storage is FCR (primary reserve), while other markets such as aFRR (secondary reserve) and day ahead spot markets may contribute to the in-come of a storage unit. In practice, we find that the opportunities for value-stacking in a Nordic/Danish context are limited due mainly to the following

Can storage be used for power & energy applications?

Storage can be employed for power and energy applications (SANDIA, 2010). In the first case, the unit is required to have a fast response and typically for a limited amount of time (seconds to minutes). In the second case, long dis-charge times at full capacity (up to several hours) are required.

How does storage enter the regulating power market?

Storage can enter the regulating power market through a reservation agree-ment (remunerated with an availability payment) before the day-ahead mar-ket auctions close, or in an energy-only real-time market.

Is high-temperature thermal energy storage a viable option for long-term storage?

High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage (HT-TES) provides an option for long-term storage (Ea Energy Analyses, 2019). As of 2019, HT-TES has not reached commercialisation, but several companies and research projects are focusing on improving the technical efficiency and the economics3. Two