Should we study the Swedish energy system at national scale?

Hitherto studies have predominantly focused on electricity sector. Nevertheless, the targets for 2045 necessitates studying the Swedish energy system at national scale in the context of sector coupling & storage.

Could thermal energy storage replace sensible heat storage?

The IEA Technology Roadmap for Energy-efficient Buildings1 specifies thermal energy storage (TES) as one of four key technology options for heating and cooling in buildings. Phase Change Material based Thermal Energy Storage (PCM-TES) could replace sensible heat storage solutions.

What is the future of the Swedish energy system?

Table 1. Summary of literature review. In case of the Swedish energy system, there are uncertainties surrounding the future of nuclear power plants, the anticipated increase in wind and solar PV installations, electrification trends, and the role of hydrogen in the steel industry [34, 35].

Is energy transition a key to achieving Sweden's national climate goals?

Energy transition plays a crucial role in reaching Sweden's national climate goals. This study demonstrates how integrating different sectors through power-to-x strategies can utilize excess electricity in systems with intermittent sources. It aligns with UN Sustainable Development Goals 7 (affordable and clean energy) and 13 (climate action).

Could phase change material based thermal energy storage replace sensible heat storage?

Phase Change Material based Thermal Energy Storage (PCM-TES) could replace sensible heat storage solutions. Such an innovative concept utilizes the phase change of a substance to store and release energy at a narrow range of temperature change, resulting in 5-15 times larger storage density than with the commonly used sensible heat storage.

What is Sweden's ETL capacity?

Besides, as stated in section 3, Sweden currently has an ETL of around 10.3 GW, which is expected to increase to 11.9 GW by 2027. Therefore, in previous cases, the ETL capacity was set at 11.9 GW for all scenarios.